This work presents a critical edition of Profitable Instructions (1633), an Early Modern English manual of advice for travellers. It also includes a codicological and linguistic description of the 1633 printing and contextualises the text within travel writing and the prescriptive ars apodemica tradition that frames travel as methodical observation and information-gathering in an era of colonial and commercial expansion. On this textual basis, the study analyses how authorial stance (stancetaking) is constructed across the volume from a historical linguistic perspective, following Marín Arrese’s model (2009). Findings indicate a clear concentration of stance devices in the epistolary sections of the corpus. Effective stance mechanisms are especially prominent in the instructional material and letters, whereas epistemic strategies (marking degrees of certainty and authorial positioning) are comparatively more frequent in the prefatory text, consistent with its persuasive role. Overall, the work shows how stance helps organise instruction and persuasion in prescriptive travel advice, while also enlarging edited evidence for Early Modern English.
Travel advice
stance (stancetaking)
Early Modern English
travel writing
Primary sources
Anon. (Aristotle, pseudo.) (1694). Aristotle’s master-piece, or, The secrets of generation displayed in all the parts thereof … very necessary for all midwives, nurses, and young- married women. London: W. B.
Anon. (1682). The English midwife enlarged containing directions to midwives; wherein is laid down whatever is most requisite for the safe practising her art. London: Thomas Sawbridge.
Barret, Robert. (1699). A companion for midwives, child-bearing women, and nurses directing them how to perform their respective offices: together with an essay, endeavouring to shew the influence of moral abuses upon the health of children. London: Tho. Ax.
Braun G. y Hogenberg, F. (1572-1617). Civitates orbis terrarum. Colonia.
Camden, William (1630). The historie of the life and reigne of the most renowned [sic] and victorious Princesse Elizabeth, late Queene of England contayning the most important and remarkeable passages of state, during her happy, long and prosperous raigne/ composed by way of annals, by the most learned Mr. William Camden; and faithfully translated into English. London: Printed for Benjamin Fisher and are to be sold at his shop in Aldersgate streete, at the signe of the Talbot.
Chamberlayne, T., I.D., M.S., T.E. (1656). The Compleate midwifes practice, in the most weighty and high concernments of the birth of man containing perfect rules for midwifes and nurses: as also for women in their conception, bearing, and nursing of children … with instructions of the midwife to the Queen of France. London UK: Nathaniel Brooke.
Christoual de Fonseca, F. (1592). Tratado del amor de Dios. Compuesto por P. Maestro F. Christoual de Fonseca de la orden de S. Agustín. Salamanca: Guillermo Foquel.
Cleaver, Robert. (1624). The patrimony of Christian children: Or, a defence of infants babtisme prooued to be consonant to the scriptures and will of God (against the erroneons [sic] positions of the Anabaptists.[…] By Robert Cleaver, with the Ioynt consent of Mr. Iohn Dod. London: Printed by Bernard Alsop, for Ioseph Hunscot and Beniamin Fisher, and are to be sold at the signe of the Talbot in Pater-noster Rowe.
Coryate, Thomas. (1611). Coryats crudities hastily gobled vp in five moneths trauells in France, Sauoy, Italy, Rhetia co[m]monly called the Grisons country, Heluetia aliàs Switzerland, some parts of high Germany, and the Netherlands; newly digested in the hungry aire of Odcombe in the county of Somerset, & now dispersed to the nourishment of the trauelling members of this kingdome. London: Printed by W[illiam] S[tansby for the author].
Culpeper, Nicholas. (1652). A directory for midwives: or, A guide for women, in their conception, bearing, and suckling their children. Containing 1. The anatomy of the vessels of generation. 2. The formation of the childe in the womb. 3. What hinders conception, and its remedies. 4. What furthers conception. 5. A guide for women in conception. 6. Of miscarriage in women. 7. A guide for women in their labor. 8. A guide for women in their lying-in. 9. Of nursing children. London: Printed [s.n.].
Cyprian, Saint, Bishop of Carthage. (1625). A spirituall preseruatiue against the plague In tvvo parts. The first containing spirituall directions for the sicke, at all times needfull: but especially in this time of pestilence. The second an order of comforting the sicke. Whereunto is annexed a most pithy and comfortable sermon of mortalitie, written by the blessed martyr S. Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage. Together with diuers excellent prayers needfull in this time of visitation. Set forth for the comfort of all distressed soules; but most especially for those which are now visited with this most fearefull visitation of plague and pestilence. London: Printed for Beniamin Fisher dwelling in Pater Noster rowe, at the signe of the Talbot.
Donne, John. (1632). Deaths duell, or, A consolation to the soule, against the dying life, and liuing death of the body Deliuered in a sermon at White Hall, before the Kings Maiesty, in the beginning of Lent, 1630. By that late learned and reuerend diuine, Iohn Donne, Dr. in Diuinity, & Deane of S. Pauls, London. Being his last sermon, and called by his Maiesties houshold the doctors owne funerall sermon. London: Printed by Thomas Harper, for Richard Redmer and Beniamin Fisher, and are to be sold at the signe of the Talbot in Alders-gate street.
Eden, Richard. (1555). The decades of the newe worlde or West India conteynyng the nauigations and conquestes of the Spanyardes, with the particular description of the moste ryche and large landes and Ilandes lately founde in the west Ocean, perteynyng to the inheritaunce of the kinges of Spayne. In which the diligent reader may not only consyder what commoditie may hereby chaunce to the hole Christian world in tyme to come, but also learne many secreates touchynge the lande, the sea, and the starres, very necessarie to be knowe[n] to al such as shal attempte any nauigations, or otherwise haue delite to beholde the strange and woonderfull woorkes of God and nature. London: In aedibus Guilhelmi Powell.
Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of. (1633). Profitable instructions describing what speciall obseruations are to be taken by trauellers in all nations, states and countries; pleasant and profitable. By the three much admired, Robert, late Earle of Essex. Sir Philip Sidney. And, Secretary Davison. London: Printed [by John Beale?] for Beniamin Fisher, at the signe of the Talbot, without Aldersgate.
Guillemeau, Jacques. (1612). Child-birth or, The happy deliuerie of vvomen vvherein is set downe the gouernment of women. In the time of their breeding childe: of their trauaile, both naturall, and contrary to nature: and of their lying in. Together with the diseases, which happen to women in those times, and the meanes to helpe them. To which is added, a treatise of the diseases of infants, and young children: with the cure of them. Written in French by Iames Guillimeau the French Kings chirurgion. London: A. Hatfield.
Hakluyt, Richard. (1582). Diuers voyages touching the discouerie of America, and the ilands adiacent vnto the same made first of all by our Englishmen, and afterward by the Frenchmen and Britons: and certaine notes of aduertisements for obseruations, necessarie for such as shall heereafter make the like attempt, with two mappes annexed heereunto for the plainer vnderstanding of the whole matter. Imprinted at London: [By Thomas Dawson] for Thomas Woodcocke, dwelling in Paules Church-yard, at the signe of the blacke beare.
Hakluyt, Richard. (1589). The principall nauigations, voiages and discoueries of the English nation made by sea or ouer land, to the most remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth at any time within the compasse of these 1500. yeeres: deuided into three seuerall parts, according to the positions of the regions wherunto they were directed … Whereunto is added the last most renowmed English nauigation, round about the whole globe of the earth. By Richard Hakluyt Master of Artes, and student sometime of Christ-church in Oxford.
Hasleston, Richard. (1595). Strange and wonderfull things. Happened to Richard Hasleton, borne at Braintree in Essex, in his ten yeares trauailes in many forraine countries. Penned as he deliuered it from his ovvne mouth. London: Printed by A[bel] I[effes] for VVilliam Barley, and are to be solde at his shop in Gratious streete, neere Leaden hall.
Hawkins, Richard, Sir. (1622). The observations of Sir Richard Havvkins Knight, in his voiage into the South Sea. Anno Domini 1593. London: Printed by I[ohn] D[awson] for Iohn Iaggard, and are to be sold at his shop at the Hand and Starre in Fleete-streete, neere the Temple Gate.
Lowndes, W. T. (1834). The bibliographer’s manual of English literature: Containing an account of rare, curious, and useful books, published in or relating to Great Britain and Ireland, from the invention of printing; with bibliographical and critical notices, collations of the rarer articles, and the prices at which they have been sold in the present century (Vol. S–Z). Pickering.
Marston, John. (1618). The Mountebanks’ masque: The first antimasque of mountebanks, as it was perfomed at the Court, 1617-18. MS. Additional. British Museum 5956.
Mauriceau F. / Chamberlen, H. (trad.). (1672). The diseases of women with child, and in child- bed: As also, the best directions how to help them in natural and unnatural labours. With fit remedies for the several indispositions of new-born babes. Illustrated with divers fair figures, newly and very correctly engraven in copper. A work much more perfect than any yet extant in English: being very necessary for all chirurgeons and midwives that practise this art. / Written in French by Francis Mauriceau. Translated, and enlarged with some marginal-notes, by Hugh Chamberlen. London: John Darby.
More, Thomas. (1551 (1516)). A fruteful, and pleasaunt worke of the beste state of a publyque weale, and of the newe yle called Vtopia: written in Latine by Syr Thomas More knyght, and translated into Englyshe by Raphe Robynson citizein and goldsmythe of London, at the procurement, and earnest request of George Tadlowe citezein [and] haberdassher of the same citie. London: By [S. Mierdman for] Abraham Vele, dwelling in Pauls churcheyarde at the sygne of the Lambe.
Nicolas, N. H. (1823). Life of William Davison: Secretary of State and Privy Counsellor to Queen Elizabeth. J. Nichols.
Nicholas, Thomas. (1583). A pleasant description of the fortunate ilandes, called the Ilands of Canaria vvith their straunge fruits and commodities. Verie delectable to read, to the praise of God. Composed by the poore pilgrime. London: By Thomas East.
Palmer, Thomas, Sir. (1606). An essay of the meanes hovv to make our trauailes, into forraine countries, the more profitable and honourable. London: Imprinted, by H[umphrey] L[ownes] for Mathew Lownes.
Powell, Thomas. (1623). [The] attourneys academy: Or, The manner and forme of proceeding practically, vpon any suite, plaint, or action whatsoeuer, in any court of record, whatsoeuer, within this Kingdome: especially, in the great covrts at Westminster, to whose motion all other courts of law or equitie, as well those of the two prouinciall counsailes, those of Guild-hall London, as those of like cities and townes corporate, and all other of record are diurnally moued: with the moderne and most usual fees of the officers and ministers of such courts. Published by His Maiesties speciall priuiledge, and intended for the publique benefit of all His subiects. / Tho. Powell. Manner and form of proceeding practically upon any suit, plaint, or action whatsoever Manner and form of proceeding practically upon any suit, plaint, or action whatsoever. London: Printed for Beniamin Fisher: and are to be sold at his shop in Pater-noster Row, at the signe of the Talbot.
Purchas, Samuel. (1625). Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his pilgrimes. Contayning a history of the world, in sea voyages & lande-travells, by Englishmen & others. Wherein Gods wonders in nature & providence, the actes, arts, varieties, & vanities of men, with a world of the worlds rarities, are by a world of eywitnesse-authors, related to the world. Some left written by M. Hakluyt at his death. More since added. His also perused & perfected. All examined, abreviated with discourse. Adorned with pictues and expressed in mapps. In fower parts. Each containing five bookes. London: by W. Stansby for H. Fetherstone.
Raleigh, Walter, Sir. (1596). The discouerie of the large, rich, and bevvtiful empire of Guiana with a relation of the great and golden citie of Manoa (which the spanyards call El Dorado) and the prouinces of Emeria, Arromaia, Amapaia, and other countries, with their riuers, adioyning. Performed in the yeare 1595. by Sir W. Ralegh Knight, captaine of her Maiesties Guard, Lo. Warden of the Sannerries [sic], and her Highnesse Lieutenant generall of the countie of Cornewall. London: By Robert Robinson.
Raleigh, Walter, Sir. (1632). Sir Walter Raleighs instrvctions to his sonne and to posterity. London: Printed for Benjamin Fisher dwelling in Aldersgate-street at signe of the Talbot.
Rueff, Jakob. (1637). The expert midwife, or An excellent and most necessary treatise of the generation and birth of man Wherein is contained many very notable and necessary particulars requisite to be knovvne and practised: with diuers apt and usefull figures appropriated to this worke. Also the causes, signes, and various cures, of the most principall maladies and infirmities incident to women. Six bookes compiled in Latine by the industry of Iames Rueff, a learned and expert chirurgion: and now translated into English for the generall good and benefit of this nation. London: E. G[riffin].
Seward, W. (1799). Biographiana: By the compiler of anecdotes of distinguished persons (Vol. II). Printed for J. Johnson.
Smith, Henry. (1637). The sermons of Master Henry Smith gathered into one volume. Printed according to his corrected copies in his life time. Whereunto is added, Gods arrow against atheists. London: Printed by Thomas Harper, by the assignes of Ioan Man, and Benjamin Fisher.
Secondary sources
Adams, P. G. (1983). Travel literature and the evolution of the novel. The University Press of Kentucky.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford University Press.
Alonso-Almeida, F. (2009a). Stance marking and register in Middle English charms. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 45(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10121-009-0002-9
Alonso-Almeida, F., & Vázquez, N. (2009b). Modality and stance in the modern English part of the “Corpus of early English recipes”. In P. Cantos Gómez & A. Sánchez Pérez (Eds.), A survey of corpus-based research (pp. 1171–1179). Asociación Española de Lingüística del Corpus.
Alonso-Almeida, F., & Cruz García, L. (2011). The value of may as an evidential and epistemic marker in English medical abstracts. Studia anglica posnaniensia, 46(3), 59–73. https:// doi.org/10.2478/v10121-010-0004-7
Alonso-Almeida, F. (2012a). An analysis of hedging in eighteenth-century English astronomy texts. In I. Moskowich & B. Crespo (Eds.), Astronomy “playne and simple”: The writing of science between 1700 and 1900 (pp. 199–220). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.173.10al
Alonso-Almeida, F., & González-Cruz, M. I. (2012b). Exploring Male and Female Voices through Epistemic Modality and Evidentiality in Some Modern English Travel Texts on the Canaries. Research in Language, 10(3), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0031-z
Alonso-Almeida, F., & Mele-Marrero, M. (2014). Stancetaking in seventeenth century prefaces on obstetrics. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 15(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1075/ jhp.15.1.01alo
Alonso-Almeida, F. (2015). Sentential epistemic and evidential devices in Spanish and English texts on computing. In J. R. Zamorano-Mansilla, C. Maíz, E. Domínguez, & M. V. Martín de la Rosa (Eds.), Thinking modally: English and contrastive studies on modality (pp. 383–408). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Andrews, K. R. (1984). Trade, plunder and settlement: Maritime enterprise and the genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630. Cambridge University Press.
Barber, C. (1997). Early Modern English. Edinburgh University Press.
Barnes, T. J., & Duncan, J. S. (1992). Writing worlds: Discourse, text and metaphor in the representation of landscape. Routledge.
Batista, J. J., & Sarmiento, M. (2007). Hispanismos (y canarismos) en textos decimonónicos alemanes sobre Canarias. Revista de Filología, 25, 79–88.
Baugh, A. C., & Cable, T. (2002). A history of the English language. Routledge.
Beal, P. (2010). A dictionary of English manuscript terminology: 1450 to 2000. Oxford University Press.
Bermúdez, F. W. (2005). Evidencialidad: La codificación lingüística del punto de vista. Stockholm Universitet.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Pearson Education.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., and Reppen, R. 1998. Styles of stance in English: Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect. Text, 9, 93–125.
Biber, D. (2004). Historical patterns for the grammatical marking of stance: A cross-register comparison. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 5, 107–136. https://doi.org/10.1075/ jhp.5.1.06bib
Biber, D., Conrad, S., Reppen, R., Byrd, P., Helt, M., Clark, V., … & Urzua, A. (2004). Representing language use in the university: Analysis of the TOEFL 2000 spoken and written academic language corpus. Test of English as a Foreign Language.
Boswell, J. (1887). The life of Samuel Johnson: Including Boswell’s journal of a tour to the Hebrides and Johnson’s diary of a journey into North Wales. Clarendon Press.
Bowers, R. (2008). Radical comedy in early modern England: Contexts, cultures, performances. Ashgate Publishing.
Brandis, D. (1988). El paisaje urbano madrileño en las obras de viajeros extranjeros. In J. Gómez Mendoza et al. (Eds.), Viajeros y paisajes (pp. 107–137). Alianza.
Brenner, P. (1990). Der Reisebericht in der deutschen Literatur: Ein Forschungsüberblick als Vorstudie zu einer Gattungsgeschichte. Niemeyer.
Bromhead, H. (2009). The reign of truth and faith: Epistemic expressions in 16th and 17th century English. Mouton De Gruyter.
Buxton, J. (1970). Sir Philip Sidney’s first passport rediscovered. The Library, 5-XXV(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/library/s5-XXV.1.42
Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology: A study of the relation between meaning and form. John Benjamins.
Bybee, J., Pagliuca, W., & Perkins, R. D. (1994). The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality. University of Chicago Press.
Bybee, J., & Fleischman, S. (1995). Modality in grammar and discourse (Vol. 32). John Benjamins.
Canny, N. (Ed.). (1998). The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume I. The origins of empire: British overseas enterprise to the close of the seventeenth century. Oxford University Press.
Carey, D. (2003). Anthropology’s inheritance: Renaissance travel, romanticism and the discourse of identity. History and Anthropology, 14(2), 107–126. https://doi. org/10.1080/0275720032000119173
Carey, D. (2009). Hakluyt’s instructions: The principal navigations and sixteenth-century travel advice. Studies in Travel Writing, 13(2), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645140902891496
Carey, D., & Jowitt, C. (2009). Introduction: Early modern travel writing: Varieties, transitions, horizons. Studies in Travel Writing, 13(2), 95–98. https://doi. org/10.1080/13645140902891439
Carey, D. (2017). Preface: New directions in the study of English travel writing. Études Anglaises, 70(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.3917/etan.702.0131
Carey, D., Gelléri, G., & Ingram, A. (2020). The Art of Travel (1500-1850) database. Viatica, 7.
Carretero, M. (2004). The role of evidentiality and epistemic modality in three English spoken texts from legal proceedings. In J. I. Marín Arrese (Ed.), Perspectives on evidentiality and modality (pp. 25–62). Editorial Complutense.
Carrizo Rueda, S. (1997). Poética del relato de viajes (Vol. 37). Edition Reichenberger.
Chafe, W. (1986). Evidentiality in English conversation and academic writing. In W. Chafe & J. Nichols (Eds.), Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology, 20, 261–272. Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Clark, S. H. (Ed.). (1999). Travel writing and empire: Postcolonial theory in transit. Zed Books. Collins, P. (2009). Modals and quasi-modals in English. Rodopi. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042029095
Corbella, D. (1991). Hispanismos en la obra de Adolphe Coquet: Une excursion aux Îles Canaries.In R. D. Gassin (Ed.), Estudios humanísticos en homenaje a Luis Cortés Vázquez (Vol. 1, pp. 137–145). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Corbey, R., & Leerssen, J. (1991). Studying alterity: Backgrounds and perspectives. In R. Corbey & J. Leerssen (Eds.), Alterity, identity, image: Selves and others in society and scholarship (pp. vi–xix). Rodopi.
Cornillie, B. (2009). Evidentiality and epistemic modality: On the close relationship of two different categories. Functions of Language, 16(1), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.16.1.04cor
Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (6th ed.). Blackwell.
Curell, C., & G. de Uriarte, C. (1998). Voces canarias en los relatos de viaje franceses. Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna, 16, 19–28.
Curell, C., & G. de Uriarte, C. (2001). Hispanismos en los libros de viaje franceses del siglo XVIII. In I. Uzcanga Vivar, E. Llamas Pombo, & J. M. Pérez Velasco (Eds.), Presencia y renovación de la lingüística francesa (pp. 99–108). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Das, N., & Youngs, T. (Eds.). (2019). The Cambridge History of Travel Writing. Cambridge University Press.
De Haan, F. (1999). Evidentiality and epistemic modality: Setting boundaries. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 18(1), 83–101.
De la Cruz Fernández, J., Cañete Álvarez Torrijos, Á., Miranda García, A., Calle Martín, J., & Moreno Olalla, D. (2003). Historia esencial de la lengua inglesa. Ágora.
Diewald, G., Kresic, M., & Smirnova, E. (2009). The grammaticalization channels of evidentials and modal particles in German: Integration in textual structures as a common feature. In M. M. Hansen & J. Visconti (Eds.), Current trends in diachronic semantics and pragmatics
(pp. 189–209). Emerald.
Dodd, P. (Ed.). (1982). The art of travel: Essays on travel writing. Frank Cass.
Dodge, T. A. (1896). Hannibal: A history of the art of war among the Carthaginians and Romans down to the Battle of Pydna, 168 BC, with a detailed account of the Second Punic War.
Downing, A. (2001). “Surely you knew!”: Surely as a marker of evidentiality and stance. Functions of Language, 8(2), 253–282. https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.8.2.05dow
Duncan-Jones, K. (Ed.). (1994). Sir Philip Sidney: The major works. Oxford University Press. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. (n.d.). Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com
Eggins, S. (1994). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. Pinter.
Ette, O. (2001). Literatur in Bewegung: Raum und Dynamik grenzüberschreitenden Schreibens in Europa und Amerika. Velbrück Wissenschaft.
Fernández, F. (1982). Historia de la lengua inglesa. Gredos.
Ferrari, L. (2009). Marcadores de modalidad epistémica y evidencial en el análisis de las conclusiones de artículos de investigación de disciplinas distintas. ALED: Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios del Discurso, 9(2), 5–23.
Fussell, P. (1980). Abroad: British literary traveling between the wars. Oxford University Press. Fussell, P. (Ed.). (1987). The Norton book of travel. W. W. Norton and Company.
Galván Reula, F. (1991). Notas sobre la conformación genérica y la evolución del relato de viajes. Studia Patriciae Shaw Oblata, 1, 192–208.
González Cruz, M. I. (1995). La convivencia anglocanaria: Estudio sociocultural y lingüístico, 1880–1914. Ediciones del Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria.
González Cruz, M. I., & González de la Rosa, M. P. (1996). Viajeros ingleses y difusión del léxico español: Análisis de las influencias lingüísticas de tres modalidades del español en las obras de cinco viajeros británicos del siglo XX. Estudios de literatura en lengua inglesa del siglo XX, 3, 199–206. Universidad de Valladolid, Servicio de Apoyo a la Enseñanza.
González Cruz, M. I., & González de la Rosa, M. P. (1997). Hispanismos en el inglés actual: Vulnerabilidad léxica de la lengua del imperio. In J. Piqué & J. V. Andreu-Besó (Eds.), Lingüística aplicada en su contexto académico (pp. 320–327). Universidad de Valencia.
González Cruz, M. I., & González de la Rosa, M. P. (1998). Dimensions of the intercultural within travel literature: British images of Spain. In S. Henríquez (Ed.), Travel essentials (pp. 43– 61). Chandlon in Press.
González Cruz, M. I., & González de la Rosa, M. P. (2006). Language and travel: Spanish vocabulary in British travel books. Tesserae: Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 12(2–3), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/14701840601085048
González Cruz, M. I., & González de la Rosa, M. P. (2007). El viaje lingüístico: Una aproximación sociolingüística a la literatura de viajes. In J. M. Oliver, C. Curell, C. G. Uriarte, & B. Pico (Eds.), Escrituras y reescrituras del viaje. Miradas plurales a través del tiempo y de las culturas (pp. 235–252). Peter Lang.
González Cruz, M. I. (2011a). Exploring the Canarian contribution to the hispanicisms in English. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 24, 131–152. https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.2011.24.05
González Cruz, M. I. (2011b). Hispanismos y canarismos en los textos de dos viajeras inglesas decimonónicas. Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna, 29, 81–100.
González Cruz, M. I., & Vera Cazorla, M. J. (2011c). ‘Strangers in a strange land’: Mutual visions of Anglo-Americans and Canarians in the 19th and 20th centuries. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, 63, 77–90.
González-Vázquez, M. (2006). Las fuentes de la información: Tipología, semántica y pragmática de la evidencialidad. Servizo de Publicacións Universidade de Vigo.
Gotti, M. (2003). Shall and will in contemporary English: A comparison with past uses. In R. Facchinetti, M. Krug, & F. Palmer (Eds.), Modality in contemporary English, 44, (pp. 267– 300). Mouton de Gruyter.
Gotti, M. (2011). Broadening shared knowledge within the specialized community in the 17th century. Revista de Lenguas para Fines Específicos, 17, 121–146.
Gray, W. (1840). The miscellaneous works of Sir Philip Sidney, Knt.: With a life of the author and illustrative notes. T. O. H. P. Burnham.
Greenblatt, S. (1991). Marvelous possessions: The wonder of the New World. University of Chicago Press.
Greg, W. W., Gilson, J. P., Jenkinson, H., McKerrow, R. B., & Pollard, A. W. (1925–1932). English literary autographs, 1550–1650. Oxford University Press.
Hadas, M. (1950). A history of Greek literature. Columbia University Press.
Hadfield, A. (1998). Literature, travel, and colonial writing in the English Renaissance 1545– 1625. Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. Edward Arnold.
Hammer, P. E. J. (1994). The Earl of Essex, Fulke Greville, and the employment of scholars. Studies in Philology, 91(2), 167–180.
Hammer, P. E. J. (1995). Letters of travel advice from the Earl of Essex to the Earl of Rutland: Some comments. Philological Quarterly, 74(3), 317–326.
Hammer, P. E. J. (1999). The polarisation of Elizabethan politics: The political career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597. Cambridge University Press
Hernández Socas, E. (2010). Las Islas Canarias en viajeras de lengua alemana. Peter Lang.
Holland, P., & Huggan, G. (1998). Tourists with typewriters: Critical reflections on contemporary travel writing. University of Michigan Press.
Hooper, G., & Youngs, T. (Eds.). (2004). Perspectives on travel writing. Ashgate.
Horie, K. (2008). The grammaticalization of nominalizers in Japanese and Korean: A contrastive study. In M.-J. López Couso & E. Seoane Posse (Eds.), Rethinking grammaticalization: New perspectives, 76, (pp. 169–187). John Benjamins.
Howard, C. M. (1914). English travellers of the Renaissance. Burt Franklin Publisher. Hoye, L. (1997). Adverbs and Modality in English. Longman.
Hulme, P. (2002). Travelling to write (1940–2000). In P. Hulme & T. Youngs (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to travel writing (pp. 87–101). Cambridge University Press.
Hulme, P., & Youngs, T. (Eds.). (2002). The Cambridge companion to travel writing. Cambridge University Press.
Hunston, S. (1994). Evaluation and organisation in a sample of written academic discourse. In M. Coulthard (Ed.), Advances in written text analysis (pp. 191–218). Routledge.
Hunston, S., & Thompson, G. (2000). Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse. Oxford University Press.
Hyland, K. (1994). Hedging in academic writing and EAP textbooks. English for Specific Purposes, 13(3), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-4906(94)90004-3
Hyland, K. (1998). Hedging in scientific research articles. John Benjamins. Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. Continuum.
Johnson, C., & Jenkinson, H. (1915). English court hand, A.D. 1066 to 1500: Illustrated chiefly from the public records. Clarendon Press.
Joseph, B. D. (2003). Evidentials. Summation, questions, prospects. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. Dixon (Eds.), Studies in evidentiality (pp. 307–327). John Benjamins. https://doi. org/10.1075/tsl.54.17jos
King, A. (1997). The inflectional morphology of Older Scots. In C. Jones (Ed.), The Edinburgh history of the Scots language (pp. 156–181). Edinburgh University Press.
Korte, B. (2000). English travel writing: From pilgrimages to postcolonial explorations. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Kowalewski, M. (1992). Temperamental journeys: Essays on the modern literature of travel. University of Georgia Press.
Kranich, S. (2009). Epistemic modality in English popular scientific texts and their German translations. Trans-kom, 2(1), 26–41.
Kuin, R. (Ed.). (2012). The correspondence of Sir Philip Sidney. Oxford University Press.
Kutter, U. (1980). Apodemiken und reisehandbücher: Bemerkungen und ein bibliographischer Versuch zu einer vernachlässigten Literaturgattung. Das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert, 4(2), 116–131.
Kytö, M. (1991). Variation and diachrony, with Early American English in focus. Peter Lang. Lass, R. (Ed.). (1999). The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume III: 1476–1776. Cambridge University Press.
Lazard, G. (2001). On the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00008-4
Leed, E. (1995). Shores of discovery: How expeditionaries have constructed the world. Basic Books.
MacCaffrey, W. T. (1968). The shaping of the Elizabethan regime. Princeton University Press.
Marín Arrese, J. I. (2004). Evidential and epistemic qualifications in the discourse of fact and opinion: A comparable corpus study. In J. I. Marín Arrese (Ed.), Perspectives on evidentiality and modality (pp. 153–184). Editorial Complutense.
Marín Arrese, J. I. (2009). Effective vs. epistemic stance, and subjectivity/intersubjectivity in political discourse. A case study. In A. Tsangalidis & R. Facchinetti (Eds.), Studies on English modality: In honour of Frank R. Palmer (pp. 23–52). Peter Lang.
Martin, J. (1984). Language, register and genre. In F. Christie (Ed.), Children writing: Reader (pp. 21–29). Deakin University Press.
Martínez Manzano, T., & Calvo Martínez, T. (2007). Aristóteles. Ética Nicomáquea. Editorial Gredos.
McInnis, D. (2013). Mind-travelling and voyage drama in early modern England. Palgrave Macmillan.
McMahon, A. (2006). Restructuring Renaissance English. In L. Mugglestone (Ed.), The Oxford history of English (pp. 147–177). Oxford University Press.
Mele Marrero, M. (2011). Self-mentioning: Authority, authorship or self-promotion in 17thC prefaces to manuals on obstetrics? Revista de Lenguas para Fines Específicos, 17, 147–166. (Special issue: Diachronic English for specific purposes)
Méndez Naya, B. (2008). Introduction. English Language and Linguistics, 12(2), 213–219. (Special issue). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674308002591
Mills, S. (1991). Discourses of difference: An analysis of women’s travel writing and colonialism. Routledge.
Morales Lezcano, V. (1966–1969). Literatura de viajes como fuente histórica: Reedición de tres relatos. Museo Canario, 24(89-103), 187–219.
Morris, I. (2010). Why the West rules—for now: The patterns of history and what they reveal about the future. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
Nevalainen, T. (2006). An introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh University Press.
Nuti, L. (1994). The perspective plan in the sixteenth century: The invention of a representational language. The Art Bulletin, 76(1), 105–128.
Nuyts, J. (2001a). Epistemic modality, language and conceptualisation: A cognitive-pragmatic perspective. John Benjamins.
Nuyts, J. (2001b). Subjectivity as an evidential dimension in epistemic modal expressions. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(3), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00009-6
Ochs, E. (1996). Linguistic resources for socializing humanity. In J. Gumperz & S. Levinson (Eds.), Rethinking linguistic relativity (pp. 407–437). Cambridge University Press.
Ortega-Barrera, I., & Torres-Ramírez, A. (2010). Estudio sobre los abstracts de artículos de investigación informáticos: Evidencialidad y modalidad textual. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas, 5(1), 141–153.
Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). OED Online. http://www.oed.com Palmer, F. (1986). Mood and modality. Cambridge University Press. Palmer, F. (1990). Modality and the English modals (2nd ed.). Longman.
Parkes, M. B. (1969). English cursive book hands, 1250–1500. Clarendon Press. Perkins, M. R. (1983). Modal expressions in English. Pinter.
Petti, A. G. (1977). English literary hands from Chaucer to Dryden. Edward Arnold.
Pettinger, A., & Youngs, T. (Eds.). (2019). The Routledge research companion to travel writing. Routledge.
Plungian, V. (2001). The place of evidentiality within the universal grammatical space. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(3), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00006-0
Pollard, A. W., & Redgrave, G. R. (1976)., Scotland and Ireland, and of English books printed abroad 1475–1640 (Vol. II: I–Z). The Bibliographical Society.
Pollard, A. W., & Redgrave, G. R. (1986). A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland and Ireland, and of English books printed abroad 1475–1640 (Vol. I: A–H). The Bibliographical Society.
Pollard, A. W., & Redgrave, G. R. (1991). A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland and Ireland, and of English books printed abroad 1475–1640 (Vol. III: Indexes, addenda, corrigenda). The Bibliographical Society.
Pratt, M. L. (1992). Imperial eyes: Travel writing and transculturation. Routledge.
Precht, K. (2000). Patterns of stance in English (Publication No. 9982897) [Doctoral dissertation, Northern Arizona University]. UMI Dissertation Publishing.
Raquejo Grado, A. (1990). El palacio encantado: La Alhambra en el arte británico. Taurus.
Roberson, S. L. (2001). Defining travel: Diverse visions. University Press of Mississippi.
Roussel-Zuazu, C. (2005). La literatura de viaje española del siglo XIX: Una tipología [Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University]. Texas Tech University Libraries.
Rubiés, J. P. (1996). Instructions for travellers: Teaching the eye to see. History and Anthropology, 9(2–3), 139–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1996.9960876
Salager-Meyer, F. (1998). From the gentleman’s courtesy to the expert’s caution: A diachronic analysis of hedges in academic writing (1810–1995). In I. Fortanet & T. Dudley-Evans (Eds.), Genre studies in English for academic purposes 9, (pp. 133–173). Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I.
Sanders, J., & Spooren, W. (1996). Subjectivity and certainty in epistemic modality: A study of Dutch epistemic modifiers. Cognitive Linguistics, 7(3), 241–264.
Schmidt, J. (2007). Melancholy and the care of the soul: Religion, moral philosophy and madness in early modern England. Ashgate Publishing.
Sherman, W. H. (1995). John Dee: The politics of reading and writing in the English Renaissance. University of Massachusetts Press.
Sherman, W. H. (2002). Stirrings and searchings (1500–1720). In P. Hulme & T. Youngs (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to travel writing (pp. 17–36). Cambridge University Press.
Southern, H. (1825). The retrospective review (Vol. XII, p. 186). Payne & Foss; Baldwin, Cradock, & Joy.
Spedding, J., Ellis, R. L., & Heath, D. D. (1862). The works of Francis Bacon (Vol. IX), The letters and the life (Vol. II). Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts.
Stagl, J. (1979). Vom Dialog zum Fragebogen: Miszellen zur Geschichte der Umfrage. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 31(3), 611–638.
Stagl, J. et al. (1983). Apodemiken: Eine räsonnierte Bibliographie der reisetheoretischen Literatur des 16., 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Munich, Vienna, Zurich, Paderborn.
Stagl, J. (1990). The methodising of travel in the 16th century: A tale of three cities. History and Anthropology, 4(2), 303–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1990.9960802
Stagl, J. (1995). A history of curiosity: The theory of travel 1550–1800. Harwood Academic Publishers.
Stephen, L. (2010). Dictionary of national biography (Vol. 14, originally published 1888). Kessinger Publishing.
Strauss, S., & Sohn, S. O. (1998). Grammaticalization, aspect and emotion: The case of Japanese -te shimau and Korean -a/e pelita. In D. Silva (Ed.), Japanese/Korean Linguistics 8 (pp. 217–230). Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI).
Taavitsainen, I. (2001). Evidentiality and scientific thought-styles: English medical writing in Late Middle English and Early Modern English. In M. Gotti & M. Dossena (Eds.), Modality in specialized texts: Selected papers of the 1st CERLIS Conference (pp. 21–52). Peter Lang.
Tabares, E., Batista, J. J., & Sarmiento, M. (2009). Léxico hispánico en escritos decimonónicos en lengua alemana sobre Canarias. In M. J. Reyes (Ed.), Léxico y cultura (pp. 311–333). @ becedario.
Thompson, C. (Ed.). (2015). The Routledge companion to travel writing. Routledge.
Traugott, E. C. (1989). On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. Language, 65, 31–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/414841
Van der Auwera, J., & Plungian, V. A. (1998). Modality’s semantic map. Linguistic Typology, 2(1), 79–124.
Vega y Vega, J. J. (2009). Léxico y cultura de España y lo hispánico en la obra Les Îles Fortunées ou Archipel des Canaries, de Eugène Pégot-Oiger (1869). In M. J. Reyes (Ed.), Léxico y cultura (pp. 311–333). @becedario.
Voestermans, P. (1991). Alterity/Identity: A deficient image of culture. In R. Corbey & J. T. Leerssen (Eds.), Alterity, identity, image: Selves and others in society and scholarship (pp. 219–249). Rodopi.
Watson, G. (1974). The new Cambridge bibliography of English literature. Cambridge University Press.
Weisz, G. (2007). Tinta del exotismo: Literatura de la otredad. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Willet, T. (1988). A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Language, 12(1), 51–96. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.12.1.04wil
Williamson, E. (2011). A letter of travel advice? Literary rhetoric, scholarly counsel and practical instruction in the ars apodemica. Lives and Letters, 3(1), 1–22.
Witthöft, H. (1980). Reiseanleitungen, Reisemodalitäten, Reisekosten. In B. I. Krasnobaev et al. (Eds.), Reisen und Reisebeschreibungen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert als Quellen der Kulturbeziehungsforschung (pp. 39–50). Munich, Vienna, Zurich, Paderborn.
Cómo citar
González de la Rosa, M. del P. (2026). Constructing the Traveller: Stance and Instruction in an Early Modern English Travel Advice Text. Estudios De Lingüística Aplicada, 9. https://doi.org/10.4995/9788413964041edUPV